The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons-(AAOS)-Committee on Injuries began sponsoring three-(3) day emergency care practical training courses during the late 60's to early 70's. These programs effectively built upon the Red Cross Advanced First Aid Course by exposing participants to hands-on exercise use of innovative devices and best practices that were emerging during that era. The course would be locally sponsored by a prominent AAOS member orthopedic surgeon and introduced students to blood pressure monitoring, vehicle victim extrication, childbirth, scoop stretcher, positive pressure demand valve, bag/mask/valve (BMV), Brook Airway, oral airway use and a host of other ambulance technologies that were emerging in those pioneering years. The offical text of the course was the AAOS "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick & Injured", better known as the "Orange Book." This training initiative actually pre-dated the original DOT 81 hour EMT-Ambulance courses that almost all states had implemented by the mid 70's.