The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon's (AAOS) textbook entitled "Emergency Care of the Sick & Injured" was better known as the "Orange Book." It was the textbook for the AAOS Emergency Care Practical EMT course that emerged in the latter 60's several years before the first state level 81 hour U.S. Department of Transportation EMT-Ambulance (EMT-A) programs emerged. The textbook was then extensively adopted as the standard text for early EMT courses.